Billions wiped off value of shares as Merkel admits Greece could quit the euro

15 May 2012

By Daily Mail Reporter

PUBLISHED: 07:44, 15 May 2012 | UPDATED: 07:45, 15 May 2012

Tens of billions of pounds were wiped off shares yesterday as Angela Merkel conceded for the first time that Greece could be forced to quit the euro.

The German chancellor suggested that European support for Greece would ‘end’ unless Athens held to the punishing bail-out terms agreed with Brussels and Berlin.

Her warning came amid mounting speculation that Greece could be forced out of the single currency within weeks – plunging both Athens and the single currency into crisis.

Francois Hollande (pictured) is set to meet Angela Merkel in Berlin tomorrow, soon after he is sworn in as President
Angela Merkel, pictured, suffered a 'crushing' defeat when her Christian Democrats party suffered in yesterday's North-Rhine Westphalia elections

Decision time: France’s new President Francois Hollande (left) will meet with German chancellor Angela Merkel (right) tomorrow in what could be a decisive time for the single currency

Observers have dubbed the possible departure as the ‘Grexit’ and one Greek minister last night warned the crisis could result in ‘civil war’, with Kalashnikov-toting gangs roaming Athens.

Greek newspaper Imerisia reported that the government has just £1.2billion left in its coffers – enough to continue for only a few days.

Last night there were also rumours of an unofficial ‘grey market’ in the drachma – the old Greek currency – springing up in anticipation of the exit.

Mrs Merkel, who will hold talks on the crisis with new French president Francois Hollande today, said Greece would ‘always’ be a member of the EU.

But she left open the question of Greece’s membership of the single currency, saying only that it would be ‘better’ if it remained within the ailing single currency.

Her comments came as the mounting political turmoil in Greece sent shockwaves through world stock markets. Mr Hollande will fly to Berlin today for talks just hours after being sworn in.

In London, the FTSE-100 index was down by 110 points to its lowest level this year, wiping almost £30billion off the value of Britain’s top companies. 

Bank shares took a hammering, with Barclays, Lloyds and Royal Bank of Scotland all down by around 5 per cent.

Markets in the U.S. also fell on the news – the Dow Jones was down 125 points, while the Nasdaq fell 31 points.

Boys in town: Head of Greece's Left Coalition party Alexis Tsipras (centre) leaves the presidential palace yesterday Boys in town: Head of Greece’s Left Coalition party Alexis Tsipras (centre) leaves the presidential palace yesterday

The euro fell to its lowest level against the pound for three-and-a-half years.

John Cridland, director general of the CBI, warned that a Greek exit from the eurozone ‘would be like an earthquake happening’ for the British economy.

George Osborne flew to Brussels last night for crisis talks today with EU finance ministers on the future of the euro.The Chancellor is expected to warn that Europe’s economy is at risk unless Greece is saved.

There were also fresh concerns about Spain after financial markets demanded a punishing 6.2 per cent interest rate on government loans – the highest level this year.

The crisis unfolded as political leaders in Greece gathered in Athens for another round of talks on forming a coalition following this month’s elections.

The talks broke up inconclusively and there will be a further round of negotiations today.

But last night there was widespread speculation that Greece would be forced to hold fresh elections next month after left-wing parties indicated they would boycott any deal that supported the austerity drive agreed with the EU.

Polls suggest that the far-left Syriza party, which has said it will not impose cuts demanded by the eurozone and IMF, could emerge victorious in a fresh poll. Greece’s stock market closed at its lowest level since 1992.

Greek politician Michalis Chrysohoidis predicted the country would be plunged into ‘civil war’ if it quit the euro and readopted the drachma.

The minister for citizen protection in the outgoing government said: ‘If Greece cannot meet its obligations and serve its debt the pain will be great.

‘What do we have to lose more than we have lost already? Our freedom.

‘What will prevail are armed gangs with Kalashnikovs and which one has the greatest number of Kalashnikovs will count … we will end up in civil war.’

But Manolis Glezos, a Syriza MP and a veteran of the Second World War resistance, warned Greeks had had enough of cuts imposed on them from outside.

He said: ‘Achtung Frau Merkel. The Greek people want to live free and they don’t want to be under a new occupation from Germany.’

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Gold Bull Market ‘Is Not Over’ – Morgan Stanley

14 May 2012

By Debbie Carlson

Gold is trading at its lowest levels since December, but Morgan Stanley analysts say gold’s bull market “is not over” and that they are buyers of the metal at current prices. The recent sell-off in prices is “consistent with distressed selling and long liquidation,” but they think prices will recover in the coming weeks. They say the factors that have supported gold remain in place: the European sovereign debt crisis and low interest rates. They also note that the low level of speculative net-length in the CFTC reports is a positive sign.

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Greece turmoil brings euro exit closer as Cable warns of ‘massive impact’ on UK of currency break-up

14 May 2012

By James Chapman

PUBLISHED: 07:51, 14 May 2012 | UPDATED: 07:52, 14 May 2012

Vince Cable: The Business Secretary admits 'we are exposed' as a result of ongoing difficulties in Greece Vince Cable: The Business Secretary admits ‘we are exposed’ as a result of ongoing difficulties in Greece

Vince Cable warned yesterday of a ‘massive impact’ on Britain if Greece crashed out of the euro and debt contagion spread.

The Business Secretary admitted there was little the UK could do to influence an unfolding disaster in the eurozone.

It came after former chancellor Alistair Darling warned that foreign aid would have to be sent to starving Greeks if the country left the single currency and lost its bailout money.

Senior EU officials, who are losing patience after an inconclusive election cast doubt on debt-stricken Greece’s commitment to austerity, yesterday began to discuss publicly the prospect of the country’s exit from the single currency.

Last ditch talks were held in Athens last night to try to cobble together a coalition government and avoid a new election.

But the leader of radical left-wing, anti-bailout party Syriza, which finished second in the election earlier this month, refused to sign up to a grand coalition. 

Alexis Tsipras said it would be ‘criminal’ for Greece to stick to the terms of the bailout, adding: ‘Syriza won’t betray the Greek people.’

Support for parties who want to tear up the terms of an EU bailout is growing by the day.

No to bailout: Head of Greece's Left Coalition party Alexis Tsipras (middle) leaves the presidential palace after a meeting in Athens yesterday No to bailout: Head of Greece’s Left Coalition party Alexis Tsipras (middle) leaves the presidential palace after a meeting in Athens yesterday

City analyst David Buik said: ‘If Greece leaves the euro, a drachma devalued by say 30 per cent in 18 months gives the economy half a chance. Holidays and exports will be cheap.’

But Labour’s former Chancellor Alistair Darling warned that a Greek exit from the euro could be catastrophic.

The country would run out of money in about six weeks if bailout cash was withdrawn, leaving it unable to pay pensions or public sector salaries.

‘Anyone who thinks that Greece leaving the euro is the easy fix is kidding themselves,’ Mr Darling said.

Warning: Former Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling has said that Greek exit from the eurozone could be catastrophic Warning: Former Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling has said that Greek exit from the eurozone could be catastrophic

‘Europe would almost certainly have to give it financial aid, simply to stop people going hungry. 

‘As for a planned exit, does anyone seriously think that over a weekend, say, you could print drachmas ready for issue on Monday morning – in the meantime preventing money draining out of the country and preventing panic as people realise that their savings had vanished?

‘What would be the effect on other countries, the ones people feared would be next in line?’

Mr Cable said Britain ‘must hope’ the eurozone’s firewalls were strong enough to prevent contagion, and warned there could be ‘a massive impact’ on trade if they were not.

‘Britain isn’t in the eurozone, so… my Government isn’t in the business of having to manage this crisis,’ the Business Secretary said.

But he added: ‘The problem would affect us if it spread, if you had these contagion effects in Italy and Spain.’

Mr Cable warned that if the the EU’s firewalls failed ‘then of course it has a massive impact on our trade – half of our exports go to the eurozone countries, our banks are quite substantially exposed to those countries’.

Asked what Britain could do, he admitted: ‘There isn’t a great deal.’

‘Our own position of course is much stronger. There was a real danger when we came into office that we could be sucked into this sovereign debt crisis,’ he added.

‘There was a worry that the crisis of confidence would spread to the UK, and that certainly hasn’t happened – we’re now perceived in much the same way that Germany is perceived.’

Luc Coene, a member of the governing council of the European Central Bank, which has spent around 40billion euros buying up Greek government bonds to try to support the country, said a Greek exit from the single currency ‘would be possible’.

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Dollar Turns Down After Sentiment Data

11 May 2012

Shift cuts off greenback’s longest rally since 2008

By Deborah Levine and William L. Watts

May 11, 2012

NEW YORK (MarketWatch) – The dollar turned lower on Friday, cutting off its longest rally since 2008, after data showed U.S. consumer sentiment unexpectedly improved this month, buoying stocks and overshadowing worries stirred by J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.’s surprise trading loss.

The ICE dollar index , which measures the greenback against a basket of six currencies, turned down to 80.100 from 80.159 late Thursday – which looks to have capped its longest winning streak since an 11-day run in August 2008.

The euro turned up to $1.2955, from $1.2943 in late North American trading Thursday.

The dollar reversed lower after the University of Michigan-Thomson Reuters consumer sentiment index climbed to 77.8 in May, up from 76.4 in April, above the 76.0 expected in a MarketWatch-compiled economist poll.

That turned U.S. stocks higher, with the S&P 500 Index lately rising 0.2%

Investors’ appetite for risk took a hit starting late Thursday after J.P. Morgan announced that it faced a loss of roughly $2 billion on trading in credit derivatives.

The euro had little immediate reaction to the Spanish government’s announcement of reforms for its banking sector that include raising loss provisions on loan portfolios, according to reports.

Meanwhile, investors continue to watch developments in Greece, where party leaders remain engaged in talks in an effort to cobble together a coalition government in the wake of last Sunday’s splintered election results.

“Investors should not mistaken the lack of further weakness for renewed optimism,” said Kathy Lien, director of currency research at GFT. “The Greeks are still having a tough time forming a coalition government.”

Reports about Spain are also limiting the shared currency’s decline, she said.

The greenback gained a little after a U.S. report showed producer prices unexpectedly fell 0.2% in April.

For the week, the euro has lost 1%, finally breaking below $1.30 for the first time since January.

The dollar index has advanced for a second week, by 0.8%.

U.K. pound, Canadian dollar

Also Friday, the British pound retreated to $1.6099, down from $1.6156 Thursday.

The greenback turned sharply lower against the Canadian dollar after a government report showed Canada’s economy added way more jobs in April than analysts expected.

The dollar traded at 79.97 Japanese yen , little changed from ¥79.99 late Thursday.

The Australian dollar slipped to $1.0077, from $1.0099 in the previous session when it was boosted by some surprisingly strong jobs data. Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs sharply lowered their outlooks for the Australian currency on Friday, citing a slowing economy and less demand for Australian bonds.

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Gold falls to 1-month low, triggers bargain hunting

11 May 2012

A salesman arranges a gold necklace inside a gold jewellery showroom in Kochi April 16, 2012. REUTERS/Sivaram V/Files

MUMBAI | Fri May 11, 2012 4:24pm IST

(Reuters) – Indian gold futures extended their fall for the straight third session on Friday to hit a one-month low, triggering some bargain buying from physical traders at the end of the wedding season.

* The most-active gold for June delivery on the Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) was 0.49 percent lower at 28,308 rupees per 10 grams, after hitting 28,281 rupees — its lowest since April 9.

* “Slowly deals are taking place as market is in the falling mode,” said a dealer with a private bank in Mumbai, which imports bullion, adding “traders will try to catch the bottom.”

* The wedding season will end by the end of the month, while festival season will restart in August.

* “People will not be willing to maintain huge inventory in a falling market and only resort to need-based buying,” said the dealer.

* Overseas gold fell 1.3 percent to a four-month low as waning appetite for risk hurt the euro and other assets like stocks and crude oil.

* The rupee, which traded weaker on Friday, kept the downside in prices limited. The rupee plays an important role in determining the landed cost of the dollar-quoted yellow metal.

* Silver also extended losses tracking gold. Silver for July delivery was 1.50 percent lower at 53,747 rupees per kg.

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Gold Gains As European Concerns Ease

10 May 2012

By Claudia Assis and Laura Mandaro

May 10, 2012

SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) – Gold futures edged higher Thursday following a round of U.S. economic data, with a reprieve in concerns over Europe’s banking and sovereign-debt outlook providing a floor for the metal.

Gold for June delivery advanced $3.20, or 0.2%, to $1,597 an ounce on the Comex division of the New York Mercantile Exchange.

Traders keyed off U.S. government data that showed initial jobless claims stayed relatively flat last week as import prices dipped in April and the U.S. trade deficit surged in March.

The dollar slipped Thursday, helping gold to stabilize after closing below $1,600 an ounce for the first time this year in the previous session.

Dollar-denominated commodities – particularly gold, which is seen as an alternate to paper currencies – often take a knock as the dollar rises.

On Thursday, European stocks and the euro rose after Spain moved to nationalize struggling real-estate lender Bankia and European leaders agreed to grant the next aid payment to Greece.

The Stoxx Europe 600 was up 0.6% at 251.23, pivoting away from early losses.

The dollar fell against the euro, with one euro buying $1.2971 compared with $1.2954 late Wednesday.

Despite its recent downturn, gold is not losing its luster “as the currency of last resort,” analysts at Goldman Sachs said in a report released Thursday.

“Improved confidence” in the dollar in recent months has made the U.S. currency the flight-to-safety asset at the moment, they said.

“However, we believe it is too early for the U.S. dollar to reclaim this status, as the original U.S. dollar concerns have not disappeared,” the analysts added. They left their 6-month forecast for gold prices unchanged at $1,840 an ounce.

Meanwhile, most metals futures traded higher. Silver for July delivery rose 11 cents, or 0.4%, to $29.34 an ounce. The Shanghai Futures Exchange on Thursday launched a new silver futures contract, according to analyst and news reports.

“This can be seen as complementing the existing contract on the Shanghai Gold Exchange and is aimed more at institutional investors and producers… [The] new contract could lead to generally higher demand for silver and lend support to the price,” analysts at Commerzbank said in a note to clients.

July copper gained 3 cents, or 0.9%, to $3.69 a pound.

A Chinese auto maker trade group reported higher-than-expected passenger car sales in April, climbing up 12.5% on year to 1.28 million units.

The report confirmed the trade group’s forecast that vehicle sales will grow 8% this year, the Commerzbank analysts said, “which could lend support to the precious metals platinum and palladium, both of which have come under severe pressure recently.”

Platinum for July delivery declined $3.30, or 0.2%, to $1,495.80 an ounce. Palladium for June rose $4.85, or 0.8%, to $618.50 an ounce.

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U.S. Trade Deficit Widens, Suggesting Lower GDP Growth

 

10 May 2012

By Don Lee

May 10, 2012, 8:05 a.m.

Washington – For all the growth in domestic manufacturing and exports, the ballooning U.S. trade deficit continues to be a thorn in the side of the U.S. economy.

The Commerce Department said Thursday that the nation’s trade deficit widened to a larger-than-expected $51.8 billion in March, up from $45.4 billion in February. The U.S. posted record exports of $186.8 billion in March, but imports also hit a new monthly high of $238.6 billion.

Unlike in recent months, the jump in the deficit wasn’t mostly because of higher oil imports. Instead, a spike in overseas purchases of capital goods, such as computers and telecommunications equipment, and consumer products (including television sets and cell phones) accounted for the bulk of the fatter trade imbalance.

Rising imports aren’t all bad as they reflect growing domestic demand; American consumers have been spending – and borrowing – more recently. And some of the imports are high-tech goods that were designed in the U.S. and assembled overseas with domestically produced parts.

Still, a rising trade deficit indicates more dollars are going overseas rather than returning to support production and jobs in the U.S. Analysts said Thursday’s report means that American economic output, or gross domestic product, was probably smaller in the first quarter than the government’s 2.2% preliminary estimate.

“Since the economic recovery began in June 2009, the trade deficit has doubled and GDP growth has averaged a disappointing 2.4% a year,” said Peter Morici, a University of Maryland professor and former chief economist at the U.S. International Trade Commission.

“Consumers are spending again – the process of winding down household debt that followed the Great Recession,” he wrote in an analysis of Thursday’s trade report. But “too many consumer dollars go abroad to purchase Middle East oil and Chinese consumer goods.”

Analysts see weaker import growth in coming months, but also a slowdown in exports, particularly to debt-troubled Europe and China. China’s trade data for April, released Thursday, showed decelerating growth year-over-year especially for imports, even as the Asian giant recorded an $18.4-billion trade surplus with the world for the month.

Diane Swonk, chief economist at Mesirow Financial in Chicago, said China’s latest trade figures “were not encouraging” as far as the U.S. is concerned.

“Moving forward,” she added in a research note, “much will depend on how we are affected by instability in Europe and concerns that China is heading for a hard instead of a soft landing.”

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Inflation threat sees Bank of England pause the printing press but more QE expected soon

10 May 2012

By Adrian Lowery

PUBLISHED: 12:03, 10 May 2012 | UPDATED: 13:41, 10 May 2012

Bank of England policymakers have chosen to keep the printing presses quiet for another month, despite the UK economy’s shock return to recession.

The decision keeps the total fund used for quantitative easing at £325billion, which was set in February when the monetary policy committee voted in favour of a further £50billion in bond purchases, the last of which has now been spent.

Concerns that inflation is proving sticky appear to have stayed the hands the nine members against increasing QE, despite the threat posed by the reignited eurozone crisis.

Spring at last: The Bank of England's inflation forecasts have proved optimisticSpring at last: The Bank of England’s inflation forecasts have proved optimistic

But after the pause in the bond-buying scheme, the growing crisis on the continent will add to pressure on the MPC to consider more QE in the coming months.

Vicky Redwood of capital economics said, ‘For now, we are penciling in another £50billion of QE in August [when its Inflation report is published].

‘But the MPC is not bound to Inflation Report months and if the activity data continue to deteriorate at a rapid rate, we could easily see the committee moving in June or July instead.’

Minutes from the April meeting showed that the MPC had become concerned that inflation had not come down as quickly as the Bank had forecast.

Even Adam Posen, who until last month had been lead cheerleader for QE, dropped his call for an extra £25billion, and only David Miles voted for more asset-buying.

But that was before second-quarter GDP figures showed the economy had fallen into a double-dip recession, muddying the waters for monetary policy. GDP declined 0.2 per cent in the first three months of the year after a 0.3 per cent drop in the final quarter of 2011.

Inflation has been stubbornly high, unexpectedly rising in March to 3.5 per cent, despite Bank governor Sir Mervyn King and his colleagues predicting that CPI would fall to the Government’s 2 per cent target by the end of the year.

‘Inflation has not been at the 2 per cent target for more than two years,’ Barclays economist Simon Hayes said, adding that more asset purchases may do little to kick-start sluggish demand or ease the dangers from the eurozone debt crisis.

‘Under this cloud of doubt the MPC may prefer to hold fire unless a fresh crisis, or more prolonged weakness in demand, makes the case for QE irresistible,’ he added.

The accuracy of official growth data has been called into question after a run of purchasing managers’ surveys in the first three months of the year revealed decent growth in the manufacturing, construction and services sectors.

Howard Archer, chief economist at IHS Global Insight, expects the MPC to ‘keep the door very much open to more QE should the economy fail to show underlying improvement over the coming months’.

Interest rates were kept at their 0.5 per cent low for a 38th month.

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China’s Gold Imports Jump as Country May Become Biggest User

9 May 2012

Bloomberg Businessweek

By Bloomberg News staff

May 8, 2012

Mainland China’s gold imports from Hong Kong surged more than sixfold in the first quarter, adding to signs that the country may displace India as the world’s largest consumer of the precious metal on an annual basis.

Imports from Hong Kong were 135,529 kilograms (135.53 metric tons) between January and March, from 19,729 kilograms in the year-earlier period, according to data from the Census and Statistics Department of the Hong Kong government. Shipments in March rose 59 percent from February, yesterday’s data showed.

Demand has climbed in the world’s second-largest economy as rising incomes and curbs on property speculation boosted purchases. China may become the biggest user annually this year, according to a forecast from the producer-funded World Gold Council. Last year, total Indian demand including for jewelry and investment was 933.4 tons to China’s 769.8 tons.

“We’re looking at another solid year for Chinese demand based on these early numbers,” said Nick Trevethan, senior commodities strategist at Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. “While it’s largely related to price, negative real interest rates should keep demand strong.”

Gold has lost 15 percent from its record $1,921.15 an ounce in September as the European debt crisis, combined with reduced expectations for further monetary easing by the Federal Reserve, boosted the dollar. Spot gold traded 0.6 percent lower at $1,629.20 at 5:24 p.m. in London.

Largest Consumer

The prospect of China becoming the largest bullion user reflects the country’s economic ascendance. Per capita gross domestic product has more than doubled since 2000, according to World Bank data. The country is already the world’s top consumer of copper and biggest producer of steel.

Gold shipments to the mainland climbed in March to 62,913 kilograms, the Hong Kong data showed. That compares with 39,668 kilograms in February and 9,166 kilograms in March 2011. China doesn’t publish gold-trade data. Last year, imports from Hong Kong more than tripled to 431,226 kilograms.

The purchases through Hong Kong may signal that the mainland is accumulating reserves, London-based brokerage Sharps Pixley Ltd. said in February. The nation last made its reserves known more than two years ago, stating them at 1,054 tons.

“Summer is usually the low season for gold consumption,” said Liang Ruian, director at Pinpoint Investment Consulting Ltd. in Beijing. “If we can see growth even in the low season, it represents the resilient nature of China’s gold consumption.”

Interest Rates

China expanded 8.1 percent in the first three months of 2012 from a year earlier in the fifth quarterly deceleration as authorities cracked down on property speculation. Inflation was 3.6 percent in March, below a government target of about 4 percent. So-called real interest rates are negative when the amount paid to savers on deposits is less than inflation.

Indian Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee said yesterday that he was withdrawing an excise tax on precious-metal jewelry, boosting prospects for the country’s gold demand this year. Imports in April had plunged to 30 tons to 35 tons from 90 tons a year earlier, according to the Bombay Bullion Association.

“China’s strong demand for bullion may help support gold prices at lower levels,” said James Steel, an analyst at HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. “A recovery in Indian gold demand should be an important factor in support of gold prices.”

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Cameron warns euro is doomed without single government as Greek political turmoil threatens eurozone

9 May 2012

By James Chapman

PUBLISHED: 07:59, 9 May 2012 | UPDATED: 08:02, 9 May 2012

David Cameron has given his strongest warning yet that the euro is doomed to fail as fears grow that Greece is close to crashing out of the single currency.

The Prime Minister dismissed new French president Francois Hollande’s claim that Britain was ‘indifferent’ to the fate of the eurozone, insisting it was essential for our economy that the Continent recovers.

‘We want the euro area to succeed,’ Mr Cameron said in an interview with the Daily Mail. ‘It’s 40 per cent of our exports. It’s vitally important these economies get back to growth.

Crashing down? Fears are growing that Greece could soon fall out of the euro, with David Cameron saying their exit could spell the end of the currencyCrashing down? Fears are growing that Greece could soon fall out of the euro, with David Cameron saying their exit could spell the end of the currency

‘The difficulty for us is we take a different view about the euro. We didn’t join. We think that single currencies really require single governments if they are going to work properly.

‘We have to recognise that the euro is a project in enormous transition. It could go in any number of different ways.

‘Making sense of the euro for me would mean that those eurozone countries would have to have much more co-ordinated economic policy, much more co-ordinated debt policy.

‘There’s nowhere in the world that has a single currency without having more of a single government.’

Markets slumped yesterday as doubts grew about Franco-German relations following the victory of socialist President Hollande over Nicolas Sarkozy.

EU leaders will gather later this month for an emergency summit to discuss the new French leader’s proposal to tear up an EU ‘fiscal pact’ to allow for a greater focus on growth, rather than austerity.

Athens, meanwhile, was gripped by political chaos. The far-Left Syriza group was seeking to form a new government after Greece’s two main parties saw support crash in Sunday’s elections.

Two-thirds of voters backed parties that refused to sign up to austerity measures demanded by Brussels.

If a deal is not reached in three days, the country will have to return to the polls.

Mr Cameron said Greece was in a ‘very difficult situation’ and gave a strong hint that he believed it should ditch the euro and reinstate the drachma, giving it freedom to cut interest rates and devalue its currency.

Old currency? Mr Cameron said Greece was in a ¿very difficult situation¿ and gave a strong hint that he believed it should ditch the euro and reinstate the drachma

‘All these countries have to make their own choices,’ the Prime Minister said.

‘We chose to stay out of the euro. I have always believed different countries at times will need different economic policies, interest rates tailored to their own needs.

‘We are having to do very difficult things, but we are able to do things to ourselves, for ourselves, by ourselves.

‘We can do them at a time of having very low interest rates and a currency that is enabling the competitive parts of our economy to get out and sell to the world.

‘We have made our choice. What I think about all these European economies is they have to make their choices.

‘We want them to sort out the problems that they have. We want to be in the single market, we want European co-operation, we don’t want to be in the euro.

‘We’ve started to demonstrate that it is possible to have a Europe where you’re leading some things – the single market, Nato – but other things you’re not involved in.’

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